The aim of this double-blind randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of 1.23% APF gel application on the arrest of active incipient carious lesions in children. Sixty 7- to 12-year-old children, with active incipient lesions were included in the study. Children were divided randomly into 2 groups: 1.23% APF gel and placebo gel applications. Each group received 8 weekly applications of treatment. The lesions were re-evaluated at the 4th and 8th appointments. Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate relative risks of the presence of active white spot lesions. Groups showed similar results (PR = 1.67; CI 95% 0.69–3.98). The persistence of at least 1 active lesion was associated with a higher number of lesions in the baseline (PR = 2.67; CI 95% 1.19–6.03), but not with sugar intake (PR = 1.06; CI 95% 0.56–2.86) and previous exposure to fluoride dentifrice (PR = 1.26; CI 95% 0.49–2.29). The trial demonstrates the equivalence of the treatments. The use of the APF gel showed no additional benefits in this sample of children exposed to fluoridated water and dentifrice. The professional dental plaque removal in both groups may also account for the resulting equivalence of the treatments.

Este estudo teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de método de PCR em Tempo Real para a determinação da viremia do vírus GBV-C. Ensaio baseado em primers e sonda "TaqMan" derivados da região 5' não-codificante deste vírus foi padronizado, validado e aplicado em uma série de 253 amostras de plasma de pacientes HIV+. Além do PCR em tempo real, as amostras foram submetidas a um ensaio imunoenzimático anti-E2 e a um nested-PCR. Das 253 amostras testadas, 64 foram positivas para o anticorpo anti-E2 (25,3%), enquanto 57 amostras foram concordantemente RNA positivas pelo nested-PCR e PCR em tempo real (22,5%), perfazendo um índice total de exposição de 48% (25.3 + 22.5). A carga viral teve média de 1.777 UA/mL (13.625 - 1.1UA/mL). Foi obtida metodologia simples, rápida e de boa sensibilidade e especificidade, permitindo a quantificação do RNA do vírus GBV-C com reprodutibilidade. A metodologia permite a análise simultânea de grande número de amostras, sendo apropriada para estudos clínicos. A prevalência de exposição a este agente na população feminina HIV+ estudada é alta, provavelmente decorrente da via sexual comum de transmissão dos agentes.

The present study aimed at standardizing a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to evaluate the presence of GBV-C/HGV RNA. A "TaqMan" assay using primers and probe derived from the 5¢ NCR region was developed and validated. Two hundred and fifty-three plasma samples from HIV-infected women were tested for GBV-C viremia and antibody against the envelope protein 2. GBV-C RNA was detected in 22.5% of the patients whereas the antibody was identified in 25.3% of the cohort. Detection of viral RNA and of antibodies was mutually exclusive. Viral loads showed a mean of 1,777 arbitrary units / mL, being 1.1 and 13,625 arbitrary units / mL respectively the lowest and highest values measured. We conclude that the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method developed is appropriate for the investigation of GBV-C RNA since it was shown to be highly specific and sensitive, as well as requiring few steps, preventing contamination and providing additional information as to the relative viremia of carriers, a parameter that must be included in studies evaluating the co-factors influencing the clinical outcome of HIV/AIDS.

Frequent use of Xylitol may decrease the S. mutans levels. However, very little is known about whether this effect on the levels of cariogenic bacteria is maintained after the interruption of short-term usage of xylitol. This study aimed at evaluating changes in mutans streptococci (MS) salivary levels after using a chewing gum containing xylitol. Twelve volunteers harboring > 10(5) CFU MS/ml saliva levels were asked to chew Happydent-xylit® for 5 minutes, 5 X/day, for 30 days. Saliva samples were collected at baseline, at 30 days after xylitol usage began, and at 30 days beyond its interruption. MS salivary levels were estimated. The average salivary levels of MS in the ten subjects who completed the study were 13.17 (NL-CFU) at baseline (A). After the 30 days experimental period (B), this average decreased to 9.45 (NL-CFU). Nine of ten subjects studied showed a reduction in MS salivary levels in relation to baseline, whereas salivary levels were maintained in the remaining subject. At thirty days beyond the interruption of xylitol usage (C), the average levels of MS were still reduced to 10.31 (NL-CFU). Multiple sample comparison using the Bonferroni test revealed that the decrease in MS levels observed from baseline (A) to the time immediately after 30 days of xylitol usage (B) was statistically significant (p < 0.05), and those levels were still decreased between baseline and 30 days beyond the interruption of xylitol usage (C). So, the use of xylitol induced a reduction in MS salivary levels after a short period of usage which persisted beyond its interruption.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a condição periodontal em 30 pares de mães e crianças com dentição mista, através dos índices de placa e gengival, bem como verificar sua correlação com alguns aspectos sociais e hábitos de higiene oral. No exame clínico foram registrados o índice de placa (IP) e índice gengival (IG) e, em seguida, foram realizadas tomadas radiográficas periapicais e interproximais que possibilitaram avaliar a possível presença de perdas ósseas em mães e crianças. Através de questionários, foram colhidas informações a respeito dos hábitos de higiene oral das mães e crianças, nível de escolaridade da mãe, se a mãe trabalhava fora e a renda familiar. Após análise estatística (Teste de Correlação de Pearson; test t de Student; Análise de Covariância), concluiu-se que houve maior correlação entre os índices de placa e gengival composto por adultos do que no grupo de crianças. Não foi encontrada correlação significante entre os índices de placa e gengival nos pares de mães e crianças. Não foi encontrada nenhuma correlação significante entre perda óssea e os índices de placa ou gengival dos pares. O índice de placa total das mães aumentou a idade e diminuiu quando a mãe utilizava fio dental diariamente e quando esta trabalhava fora. O índice gengival total das mães também foi reduzido quando elas trabalhavam fora. Houve redução no índice de placa total da criança quando a mãe a auxiliava durante a escovação, quando a mãe utilizava fio dental diariamente e quando esta trabalhava fora. O índice gengival total da criança foi maior com o aumento da idade e foi reduzido com aumento da sua freqüência de escovação, quando a mãe utilizava fio dental diariamente e quando a mãe trabalhava fora.

This study aimed to compare the periodontal condition between plaque and gingival indexes in 30 pairs of mother and child with mixed dentition, as well as to correlate the findings with some of their social and oral hygiene habits. Mother's and child's plaque and gingival indexes were recorded during clinical examination. Periapical and bitewing radiographs were taken in order to assess the presence of any pathologic bone loss. Questionnaires answered by the mothers were used to collect information regarding the mother's and the child's habits of tooth hygiene and the mother's job, instruction level and family income. The data collected from the mothers' group and from the children's group were statistically analyzed both separately and with the two groups together. From the statistical analyses (Pearson correlation test, student test and Covariance analysis), it was possible to conclude that there was a greater correlation between the plaque and gingival indexes in the mothers' group than in the children's group. No significant correlation between plaque and gingival indexes could be found between the pairs. Also, bone loss and plaque and gingival indexes in the children did not show any correlation. The mothers' plaque indexes increased with age and decreased when they flossed everyday and when they had a job. The children's plaque indexes were lower when they had their tooth hygiene done by their mothers, when the latter had declared that they flossed their children's teeth everyday, and also when the mothers had a job. Children's gingival indexes increased with age and decreased when they brushed their teeth more often, when their mothers had a job and when their mothers declared they are used to flossing every day.

O principal objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a efetividade de uma escova dental de baixo custo (monobloco) à efetividade de uma escova convencional, com ou sem adição de dentifrício, em relação à remoção da placa dentária.Participaram deste estudo trinta e duas crianças de 4 a 6 anos de idade, que foram avaliadas sob quatro condições experimentais, definidas pela combinação de dois fatores: escova dental (convencional ou monobloco) e uso de dentifrício (com ou sem dentifrício). A efetividade dos tratamentos foi definida em termos de redução do índice de placa bacteriana, avaliado antes e após a escovação.Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois tipos de escovas no que diz respeito à redução de placa bacteriana. Similarmente, não houve evidências estatísticas de que o uso de dentifrício aumenta o controle mecânico da placa. Esses resultados são importantes do ponto de vista de saúde pública, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento, onde a disseminação de técnicas educacionais e preventivas de baixo custo são fundamentais.

The main objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a low cost toothbrush ("monoblock") to that of a conventional toothbrush with and without addition of dentifrice with respect to the removal of dental plaque. Thirty-two 4- to 6-year-old children took part in this study: they were evaluated under four experimental conditions defined by the combinations of the values of two factors, toothbrush (conventional or monoblock) and use of dentifrice (with or without). The effectiveness of the treatments was defined in terms of the reduction of a bacterial plaque index evaluated before and after toothbrushing. No statistically significant differences were detected between the two types of toothbrushes with respect to the reduction of the bacterial plaque index. Similarly, there were no statistical evidences that the use of dentifrice improves the mechanical control of dental plaque. These results are important from a public health point of view, specially in developing countries, where the dissemination of educational and preventive techniques of low cost are fundamental.

Sabendo-se do papel do flúor na Odontologia Preventiva, cada vez mais procuram-se materiais restauradores com propriedades de liberação deste íon. Dentre os selantes oclusais, grande expectativa existe em relação aos cimentos de ionômero de vidro, particularmente os fotopolimerizáveis, por possuírem melhores propriedades. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar um destes cimentos, Vitremer (3M), aplicado em: combinação ou não com um adesivo. A avaliação foi realizada em 159 dentes, 6 e 12 meses após a aplicação do selante, observando-se sua retenção e a presença ou ausência de lesão de cárie. Concluiu-se que a técnica modificada, com adesivo, propiciou significativamente melhor retenção após 6 e 12 meses que a técnica convencional, não havendo diferença entre molares e pré-molares. Apenas um dente do grupo sem adesivo desenvolveu lesão de cárie após a perda do material.

Since fluoride’s properties are widely known in the field of Preventive Dentistry, fluoride-releasing materials have been extensively investigated. Among the occlusal sealants, there is great expectation regarding the results that can be achieved with light-curing glass-ionomer cements due to their excellent properties. The aim of this study was to assess the use of one of these cements, Vitremer (3M) as an occlusal sealant. The material was applied using two different techniques; either associated or not with an adhesive system. After 6 and 12 months of observation, an evaluation was performed in 159 teeth to verify its retention as well as the presence of caries lesions. The technique that included the adhesive system showed better retention than the conventional one. Total retention was 84.9% for the experimental technique and 37.2% for the conventional technique after 12 months. There was no difference between bicuspids and molars regarding retention. Caries lesion was observed in a single tooth, for which a total loss of material was observed after one year.

Objetivou-se realizar avaliação da conduta preventiva em relação à saúde bucal exercida por médicos pediatras da cidade de São José dos Campos-SP, Brasil. A análise foi feita através das respostas a um questionário descritivo entregue a 85 pediatras da cidade. Obteve-se um retorno de 48 (56,4%). O questionário abordou aspectos relativos a amamentação, dieta, higiene bucal, uso da chupeta e do flúor e encaminhamento ao dentista. A análise dos resultados mostrou que a freqüência das orientações a respeito dessas condutas preventivas aos pacientes foi baixa. Concluiu-se ser necessário um esforço maior dos profissionais, médicos e dentistas, de promover a melhoria da saúde bucal dos pacientes infantis.

The degree to which the pediatrician's knowledge might contribute to preventive dentistry is investigated. Questionnaires concerning aspects such as breastfeeding, diet, pacifier use, fluoride use, oral hygiene and the recommended moment for the first dental visit were sent to a random sample of 85 pediatricians in S. José dos Campos. Answers were received from 48 (56.4%) of them. Data showed that orientation about preventive dentistry was not a common procedure among the majority of the pediatricians, suggesting that better integration between physician and dentist is necessary if children are to grow up with better general and dental health.

Objetivou-se realizar avaliação da conduta preventiva em relação à saúde bucal exercida por médicos pediatras da cidade de São José dos Campos-SP, Brasil. A análise foi feita através das respostas a um questionário descritivo entregue a 85 pediatras da cidade. Obteve-se um retorno de 48 (56,4%). O questionário abordou aspectos relativos a amamentação, dieta, higiene bucal, uso da chupeta e do flúor e encaminhamento ao dentista. A análise dos resultados mostrou que a freqüência das orientações a respeito dessas condutas preventivas aos pacientes foi baixa. Concluiu-se ser necessário um esforço maior dos profissionais, médicos e dentistas, de promover a melhoria da saúde bucal dos pacientes infantis.

The degree to which the pediatrician's knowledge might contribute to preventive dentistry is investigated. Questionnaires concerning aspects such as breastfeeding, diet, pacifier use, fluoride use, oral hygiene and the recommended moment for the first dental visit were sent to a random sample of 85 pediatricians in S. José dos Campos. Answers were received from 48 (56.4%) of them. Data showed that orientation about preventive dentistry was not a common procedure among the majority of the pediatricians, suggesting that better integration between physician and dentist is necessary if children are to grow up with better general and dental health.